Domain names

These are entities that can advise their clients and act on their behalf before Red.es in activities related to the application for new domains and the management of already assigned domains, in accordance with the requirements and conditions established by the Assignment Authority.

The recovery of an illegitimately usurped domain is carried out through an administrative procedure under the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy adopted by ICANN, approved on August 26, 1999, as well as by the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy Rules and the Additional Rules of the Provider administering the procedure.

This administrative procedure consists of five stages:

1. The filing of a complaint with an ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider selected by the complainant, such as the WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) Center.
2. The filing of a response by the person or entity against whom the complaint has been filed.
3. The appointment of an administrative panel of one to three persons to resolve the dispute, made by the selected dispute resolution service provider.
4. The decision of the administrative panel and its notification to the parties, the registrars concerned, and ICANN.
5. The enforcement of a decision by the administrative panel of experts by the registrars concerned, in the event that a decision is issued requiring the cancellation or transfer of the domain name or names in question.

It is an abusive practice that consists of registering a domain name belonging to a company or brand for the purpose of extorting or blackmailing its legitimate owner.

• Registrant details.
• Administrative contact.
• Technical contact.
• Billing contact.
• Primary DNS (you must indicate the DNS pair provided by your hosting provider, as these DNS will be used to configure the location of the system that hosts the website, email, etc.).
• Secondary DNS (you will not normally use these).

There are 13 characters allowed in Spain, which are as follows: á à é è í ï ó ò ú ü ñ ç ?l

With regard to the criteria for assigning territorial domain names, it should be noted that they are practically the same, namely:

• Those that are not already registered.
• Those that comply with the following syntax rules.
• Letters of the English alphabet, digits, and hyphens (although multilingualism is allowed, and therefore the registration of domain names with characters from the Spanish alphabet has been permitted since November 2007).
• Maximum length of 63 characters (no more than 24 recommended).
• Minimum length 3 characters (less than 5 not recommended).
• Those that do not incur the above absolute prohibitions.
• Domain names will be assigned on a first-come, first-served basis (the first to apply acquires the right).

Legal persons and other entities may request the assignment of domains that are composed of:

• Designations of origin when requested by the Regulatory Council.
• Place names or demonyms when requested by local public administrations (e.g., city councils) that identify them unequivocally.
• Individuals may request domains that match the name and surname appearing on their ID card or residence card.

The body responsible in Spain for managing the .es Domain Registry is ESNIC (Network Information Center). This body is part of the public entity Red.es.

The absolute prohibitions on the registration of .com domains apply to .es domains. However, in the case of .es domains, there is a prohibition on registering certain names, as these are reserved:

• Names of international and supranational organizations, constitutional bodies, and other institutions of the Spanish State, which can only be registered by the corresponding body.
• Place names that coincide with the official name of regional public administrations and have not been previously registered, except by the corresponding body.
• Domain names relating to the names of constitutional bodies or other institutions of the State, as well as terms relating to the Royal Household that have not been previously assigned or that are vacant.

As with .com domains, before registering a .es domain, you must comply with a series of technical and administrative rules:

• Domain names can consist of all letters of the English and Spanish alphabet, i.e., from A to Z, including the letter ñ, accents, numbers, and hyphens, and, in general, all characters of the Spanish language. Any other type of character, including spaces, underscores, and commas, is not valid.
• The minimum length of a domain name is 3 characters and the maximum is 63, although a maximum of 24 is recommended. There are no restrictions on registering this domain, and the number is unlimited as long as it meets the requirements, so it is also recommended that companies register their trademarks as domain names.

Any individual or legal entity with interests or links to Spain can register a .es domain.

The term “.es” domain refers to an electronic address maintained by Spain.

The bodies responsible for assigning territorial domain names establish different guidelines, which is why each country adopts its own.

Below, we detail some of the most relevant criteria that vary the most:

• Whether or not it is necessary to have a presence in the country of registration, either directly or indirectly through a distributor, partner, etc.
• Whether or not it is feasible to obtain multiple registrations, i.e., to acquire more than one domain assigned by the same applicant entity (exceptional cases).
• Coincidence with a trademark of the applicant, which may be pending or already granted.
• Whether it matches the corporate name of the applicant entity.

As a result of the lack of uniform criteria, certain countries are seeing the emergence of so-called “high-risk” domains, where anyone from anywhere in the world can apply for a domain name without having to justify their legitimacy. These domains can pose a threat to companies with a significant intellectual property portfolio, as they facilitate domain hijacking for profit.

These are also known as geographic domains. They are domains maintained by each country. These territorial domains are used by organizations and companies that wish to establish themselves on the Internet or that want to protect the identity of their brand or trade name in a specific country.

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) is the body responsible for assigning generic domain names (.com, .net, etc.).

There are a number of absolute prohibitions on the registration of domain names
.com domain names:

• Second-level domain names that match any top-level domain (such as .edu, .com, .gov, .mil, .uk, .fr, .ar, .jp).
• Names known as Internet terms.
• Domain names prohibited by court order.
• Domain names prohibited because they have previously been the subject of cybersquatting.
• Domain names prohibited because they are the subject of extrajudicial dispute proceedings, judicial proceedings, or cancellation proceedings.
• Domain names that have already been requested but whose assignment has not yet been processed for technical reasons.
• Names beginning with xn--
• Names that begin or end with a hyphen (-).
• Domain names that are contrary to the law or public order, offensive, or obscene.
• Classifications made subjectively (as there are no written rules on the terms included in this classification) by RedIris staff.

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) is the body responsible for assigning generic domain names (.com, .net, etc.).

Before registering a .com domain, you must comply with a series of technical and administrative rules:

• The minimum length of the domain name is 2 characters and the maximum is 64.
• They can consist of all the letters of the English and Spanish alphabet, i.e., from A to Z, including the letter ñ, accents, numbers, and hyphens, and, in general, all the characters of the Spanish language.
• Any other type of character, including spaces, underscores, and commas, is not valid.

On the other hand, there are no limitations on the registration of .com domain names, so their number is unlimited, provided that the company complies with the required documentation requirements. However, it is recommended that companies register their product and service trademarks as domain names in order to ensure that the company enjoys sufficient protection against third parties, both in the physical and virtual worlds.

Any individual or legal entity interested in having a presence on the Internet can register a .com domain.

A “.com” domain is an electronic address intended for commercial or business entities.

There are a number of criteria for the assignment of open generic domain names:

• They can be requested by any natural or legal person.
• They must not have been previously assigned.
• Registration is immediate, with no publication or opposition procedure.
• Assignment is automatic, regardless of the ownership of previous trademarks or company names.

Generic domains can be classified as:

• Open domains: registration does not require any special requirements. For example: “.com”, “.info”.
• Restricted domains: certain requirements must be met in order to register them. For example: “.int”, “.gov”.

Currently, there are a wide variety of companies dedicated to the management and allocation of generic domain names, known as “registrars” as they have been designated as such by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the highest authority in relation to the allocation of domain names.

These tell us about the type of entity or activity it carries out. They are made up of terms associated with some type of activity, or even related to the type of content that its owner must include in its corresponding website.

The following types of top-level domain names exist:

• Generic domains.
• Territorial domains.

No, technically, the server can be located in any country in the world. However, some countries allow their domain names to be registered on servers in the same country.

The domain name system is the system that allows a domain name to be linked to an IP address, which is a number that identifies a machine on the Internet.

All computers on the Internet are identified by an IP address, which consists of four groups of numbers that are unique worldwide, called DNS (Domain Name Services).

All web page addresses (domain names) have a similar structure to www.clarkemodet.com, which is made up of different groups, which we will analyze below:

• Top-level domain: in this case, it is the part of the domain name “.com” and identifies the activity carried out or characteristics of the entity.
• Second-level domain: this is usually identified with the applicant’s company name or brand. Example: “clarkemodet.”
• Third-level domain: identifies an activity or characteristic of a natural or legal person within the territory. In this case, the example has been taken from the Spanish territory with the following indicators: “.com.es”, “.nom.es”, “.org.es”, “.gob.es” and “.edu.es”. Generally, it corresponds to two unique letters that refer to the country in which the domain name has been registered

• It is an excellent advertising medium, which does not require large investments.
• It helps to create and promote the company’s identity on the Internet, positioning the brand before a potential audience of millions of customers.
• It establishes a point of contact, a place where potential customers can obtain information about our company’s products and services.
• It gives the company prestige over its competitors who do not yet have an Internet presence.
• It equips small and large companies alike with a marketing tool and commercial strategy.
• Domain names enable email to be used on the website.

A domain name is the electronic address used to locate a company, product, or service operating on the internet, i.e., the name that identifies a website. Just as a national identity card is used to identify a person, or a brand image is associated with a product, a domain name is a name used as a reference address to locate a company, product, service, individual, etc. operating on the internet.

The name that constitutes the domain name is often made up of the company’s corporate name, a brand, or any sign that identifies it for the user.

Some specialists in the field identify the domain name as a trademark in the territorial sphere of the Internet, cyberspace.

This statement gives us an idea of the importance of domain names due to the unlimited territorial dimension of the Internet.